Questions on Upper and Lower GI bleed.
Stomach MCQ Liver MCQ Bile Duct Pancreas Spleen
a) Rectal Varices- Where Inferior mesenteric vein meets pudendal vein
b) Retroperitoneal veins- Comunication between the iliac and renal veins
c) Umbilicus- Obliterated umbilical vein and Left portal vein
1) b
The sites of collateral formation are the rectum,
where the inferior mesenteric vein connects with the pudendal vein and rectal varices develop;
the umbilicus, where the vestigial umbilical vein communicates with the left portal vein and gives rise to prominent collaterals around the umbilicus (caput medusae);
the retroperitoneum, where collaterals, especially in women, communicate between the ovarian vessels and iliac veins;
and the distal esophagus and proximal stomach, where gastroesophageal varices are the major collaterals formed between the portal venous system and systemic venous system.
a) Sclerotherapy
b) Band Ligation
c) Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
d) Application of cyanoacrylate glue
e) Shunt Surgery
2. d
Controlled studies evaluating pharmacologic therapy for gastric variceal bleeding are lacking, the agents used are based on extension of the data relating to esophageal varices. Medical management with vasoactive agents should be started as early as possible, preferably at least 30 minutes before endoscopic therapy is carried out. The preferred endoscopic therapy for fundal gastric variceal bleeding is injection of polymers of cyanoacrylate, usually N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate,. Obliteration of the varices occurs when the injected cyanoacrylate adhesive hardens on contact with blood. The mucosa overlying the varix eventually sloughs, and the hardened polymer is extruded. Fortunately, the resulting ulcers occur late, and the risk of bleeding is lower than that associated with sclerotherapy-related ulcers. Cyanoacrylate injection has been found to be superior to both variceal band ligation and sclerotherapy using alcohol.Complications of cyanoacrylate injection include bacteremia and variceal ulceration. Pulmonary and cerebral emboli have been reported on occasion, usually in patients with spontaneous large portosystemic or intrapulmonary shunts. The endoscope may be damaged by the glue, but the risk is minimized if silicone gel is used and suction is avoided for 15 to 20 seconds following injection
Ref:Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 9th ed.
Q3. Most Accurate and clinically useful Measurement of Portal vein pressure is
a) Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG)
b) Direct measurement of portal pressure
c) Spleniec pulp pressure
d) Wedged hepatic vein pressure
3) a
The HVPG has been used to assess portal hypertension since its first description in 195. It is the difference between the wedged hepatic vein pressure and free hepatic vein pressure. Wedged hepatic vein pressure- requires passage of a catheter into the hepatic vein under radiologic guidance until the catheter can be passed no further, that is, until the catheter has been “wedged” in the hepatic vein. It measures the sinusoidal pressure.
The most important thing to note is that HVPG is 0 in cases of extrahepatic (presinusoidal) portal hypertension.
Q4. False statement regarding endoscopic management of varices
b) If no varices are found endocscopy should be done every 2-3 years
c) Endoscopy screening may be more cost effective than endoscopic screening
4) c
The current consensus is that all patients with cirrhosis of the liver should be screened for esophageal varices by endoscopy. In patients in whom no varices are detected on initial endoscopy, endoscopy to look for varices should be repeated in 2 to 3 years. If small varices are detected on the initial endoscopy, endoscopy should be repeated in 1 to 2 years.
Q5) A 68 year old man undergoes surgery for aortic aneurysm. 20 days later he is brought back to the hospital with upper GI bleed? What is the probable cause of this bleed
a) Stress gastritis
c) Aorto enteric fistula
d) Diuelafoy's lesion
5. c
GI bleed after surgery of aortic aneurysm can be fatal and the 1st possibility is of aortoenteric fistula. Secondary aorto enteric fistulas are more common than primary and the most common cause is infection of the artificial graft used in surgery of aortic aneurysm.